DNA宏条形码(metabarcoding)技术在浮游植物群落监测研究中的应用

保护生物多样性和生态系统健康是维持生态系统功能和实现人类可持续发展的必要条件。浮游植物作为水生生态系统的初级生产者发挥着重要的生态功能,同时有毒藻类的爆发也会威胁水生态安全。然而,基于形态学的物种鉴定方法难以满足日益增长的水生态环境监测的需求。DNA条形码技术利用基因组特定基因的DNA序列来鉴别生物物种,目前已被广泛用于快速物种鉴别。然而其在水生生态系统浮游植物群落的监测中才刚刚起步。由于浮游植物物种多样性高,单基因DNA条形码往往难以识别所有浮游植物种类;近年来,采用多基因条形码、全叶绿体基因组序列的超级条形码,以及特定DNA条形码方法在浮游植物种类鉴别中有很大潜力。本文综述了浮游植物DNA条形码技术在物种鉴别研究方面的进展,以及DNA宏条形码技术(DNA metabarcoding)在水生浮游植物环境监测的应用现状及前景。     

溪洛渡水电工程拦沙对三峡水库富营养化潜在影响的初步研究

从泥沙吸附的角度，探讨金沙江溪洛渡水电站拦沙对三峡水库溶解性磷负荷的影响。2006年11月在金沙江、长江干流和支流岷江、沱江采集了淤积泥沙和水样，测定了泥沙的全磷、有效磷和磷固定量及水的溶解性磷等指标。岷江和沱江泥沙的有效磷含量远高于金沙江和长江干流，反映了四川盆地支流的磷污染较干流严重；干流泥沙的有效磷含量向下游呈增加和磷固定量向下游呈减少的趋势，反映了干流泥沙沿途不断吸附四川盆地支流汇入干流中的溶解性磷，磷固定能力有所降低。根据金沙江宜宾与长江朱沱泥沙的有效磷含量和磷固定量，金沙江来沙年吸附溶解性磷分别为382和6 885 t，分别相当于朱沱站的26%和468％。溪洛渡水库拦蓄泥沙，金沙江来沙吸附长江干流溶解性磷的量将有所减少。水库投入运行后的前50年，以有效磷含量计，金沙江来沙的磷吸附量占朱沱年溶解性磷总量的比例从26%降至10%；以磷固定量计，从468％降至174%。长江干流进入三峡水库的年溶解性磷总量有可能增加16%～294%。金沙江来沙降低三峡入库磷负荷的实际功能，可能介于有效磷含量和磷固定量的计算值之间，具体值还需开展进一步的试验研究。     

洪泽湖水质富营养化评价

对洪泽湖及其入湖河流水质现状进行了评价,得知洪泽湖及其入湖河流总体水质为劣Ⅴ类,影响两者水质的主要污染物为总磷和总氮。对洪泽湖浮游植物的时空分布及相关因子进行分析,得知洪泽湖目前为轻富营养水平。最后对洪泽湖第一次发生蓝藻聚集现象的原因进行了分析。     

成都犀池拟浮丝藻水华成因探析

拟浮丝藻是我国水华蓝藻的一个新记录属,我国对此类水华缺乏研究,成都也未曾有此类报道。2008年7~8月,在原成都世界乐园犀池内首次暴发了大规模拟浮丝藻水华。为了解犀池拟浮丝藻水华的成因,对犀池2007~2008年监测资料进行了分析,研究表明:犀池富营养化正以每年平均8.1%的速率不断加剧,大规模发生拟浮丝藻水华的营养指数临界值为85,水温为25℃~30℃,pH=8.2~8.8,较小的氮磷比值(TN∶TP=10)有利于拟浮丝藻水华生长。     

模糊物元识别模型在巢湖水体富营养化评价中的应用研究

选取TN、TP、Chl-a、COD、BOD5、DO和SD等7项指标,应用模糊物元识别模型对2000~2007年巢湖的12个水质监测点的富营养化等级进行了模糊识别。通过与巢湖同期水质浓度变化及其分布区域进行对比分析,验证了模糊物元识别模型在巢湖水体富营养化评价中的适用性。巢湖富营养化评价结果表明,2000~2007年富营养化呈逐年加重的趋势,据采样点模糊物元计算结果得知西巢湖(1#~6#)的富营养化状况比东巢湖(7#~12#)更严重,西巢湖贴近度最高值为0.9974,接近极富营养状态,而东巢湖的最高值仅为0.5866。从年际变化上看,2000~2007年东巢湖富营养化状况变化不大,营养状态级处在较低的水平,而西巢湖的富营养状况变化则较大,营养状态级则处在较高水平。     

底泥扰动状态下内源磷释放过程模拟研究

为了揭示底泥扰动对内源磷释放的影响,通过室内实验模拟了底泥多次扰动状态的整个过程。结果表明,底泥扰动刚结束(0 h),溶解态磷(DIP、DTP)显著降低;底泥扰动结束后(1、6和24 h),溶解态磷发生"滞后释放"。第1 d,在1、6和24 h采样时段,DIP、DTP的"滞后释放量"最大,分别达到20.0 1mg/kg,22.12 mg/kg,16.85 mg/kg和17.21 mg/kg,22.12 mg/kg,9.69 mg/kg。第2 d,该释放量分别降低了44.80%~57.87%和42.52%~61.24%。随着底泥扰动次数的增加,溶解态磷的"滞后释放"逐渐转变为"负释放",同时,DIP/TP和DTP/TP逐渐降低。这说明,底泥扰动应该是促进了上覆水中溶解态磷向底泥的迁移和强化了底泥对磷的固定作用,同时降低了水体中磷的可生物利用性。因此推测,底泥扰动延缓了水体富营养化的发展进程。     

连续式自清洁蓝藻收集设备的中试研究

近年来湖泊富营养化日益加重,各种除藻技术层出不穷,以机械捞藻法、滤网式收集法、排气分离式收集法等为代表的蓝藻收集方法迅速出现。为了进一步提高蓝藻的收集效率,开发了一种新型的连续式自清洁蓝藻收集设备,以叶绿素a含量为主要指标,判断蓝藻去除效果。在进水泵频率30 Hz,进水压力0.11 MPa的条件下,每间隔30 min洗...     

Nutrient Bioassays of Growth Parameters for Algae in the North Bosque River of Central Texas1

Abstract: Nutrient dose‐response bioassays were conducted using water from three sites along the North Bosque River. These bioassays provided support data for refinement of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model used in the development of two phosphorus TMDLs for the North Bosque River. Test organisms were native phytoplanktonic algae and stock cultured Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Korshikov) Hindak. Growth was measured daily by in vivo fluorescence. Algal growth parameters for maximum growth (μ_max) and half‐saturation constants for nitrogen (K_N) or phosphorus (K_P) were determined by fitting maximum growth rates associated with each dose level to a Monod growth rate function. Growth parameters of native algae were compared between locations and to growth parameters of P. subcapitata and literature values. No significant differences in half‐saturation constants were indicated within nutrient treatment for site or algal type. Geometric mean K_N was 32 μg/l and for K_P 7 μg/l. A significant difference was detected in maximum growth rates between algae types but not between sites or nutrient treatments. Mean μ_max was 1.5/day for native algae and 1.2/day for stock algae. These results indicate that watershed‐specific maximum growth rates may need to be considered when modeling algal growth dynamics with regard to nutrients.     

Effects of zeolites on cultures of marine micro-algae

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: The cation-exchange capacity of zeolites is well known and has been increasingly explored in different fields with both economic and environmental successes. In aquatic medium with low salinity, zeolites have found multiple applications. However, a review of the literature on the applications of zeolites in salt waters found relatively few articles, including some recently published papers. The purpose of this review is to present the state-of-the-art on applications of using zeolites for amending the trace elemental contents of salt water as well as the implications of this property for promoting marine micro-algal growth. MAIN FEATURES: This paper deals with the following features: Sorption capacity of zeolites including 1. application of zeolites in saltwater, 2. the role of silicon and zeolites on cultures of micro-algae, and 3. the role of organically chelated trace metals. RESULTS: The following competing factors have been identified as effects of zeolites on algal growth in salt water: (i) ammonia decrease: growth inhibition reduced; (ii) macro-nutrients increase, mainly silicon: stimulation of silicon-dependent algae; (iii) trace metals increase (desorption from zeolites) or decrease (adsorption): inhibition or stimulation, depending on the nature of the element and its concentration; and, (iv) changes in the chelating organics exudation: inhibition or stimulation of growth, depending on the (a) nature of the complexed element; (b) bioavailability of the complex; and (c) concentration of the elements simultaneously present in inorganic forms. DISCUSSION: Zeolites have been capable of stimulating the growth of the silicon-demanding marine micro-algae, like diatoms, mainly because they can act as a silicon buffer in seawater. Zeolites can also influence the yield of non-silicon-demanding algae, because the changes they can cause (liberation and adsorption of trace elements) in the composition of the medium. CONCLUSIONS: Zeolites have been capable of stimulating the growth of the marine micro-algae. However, the extent of ion exchange between zeolite and seawater, which conditions the effects, will depend on several factors: (1) initial metal concentration in seawater; (2) levels of trace metals in the zeolites (contaminants); (3) characteristics of the zeolites in terms of both ion-exchange capacity and specific affinities for the different cations; (4) quantity of zeolite per litre of solution; (5) pH and (6) response of the organism in terms of liberation of organic ligands. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: RECOMMENDATIONS: Therefore, a previous investigation in each particular case is recommended, in order to select the zeolitic characteristics and concentrations that will maximize the algal yield. PERSPECTIVES: Stimulation of phytoplankton growth can be economically relevant since phytoplankton constitutes the basis of the marine food webs and is required in fish farming nurseries in the marine aquaculture industry. Zeolites are cheap, only small amounts (few milligrams per liter of culture) are required and the addition of some micro-nutrients may be omitted. Therefore, the inclusion of zeolites in algal cultures in aquaculture may have economic advantages.     

官厅水库水体中微囊藻毒素及其与微囊藻细胞密度相关性研究

2004-2005年对连年发生比较严重水华的官厅水库进行了2 a的浮游植物动态监测,并在2005年6-8月应用酶联免疫吸附法检测了主要水华藻类--铜绿微囊藻藻毒素质量浓度及其季节变化,初步探讨了微囊藻毒素质量浓度与铜绿微囊藻细胞密度之间的关系.实验结果表明,水库中的浮游植物细胞密度高,2004年平均值为1 308.35×104 cells/L,2005年达1 599.49×104 cells/L,同时呈现出明显的季节变化,在夏末秋初形成高峰.产毒的铜绿微囊藻为夏季最主要的优势水华种类,其细胞密度在7月达到最高,为4 748.58×104 cells/L;微囊藻毒素的质量浓度在7月亦达到最高值,为20 μg/L,都显著高于6月和8月(p＜0.05).水体中微囊藻毒素质量浓度与微囊藻细胞密度呈正相关关系(R=0.926).其结果为全面了解官厅水库水质状况以及对水污染进行治理,恢复其饮用水源的功能提供了科学依据.